Linux 用户和用户组管理657
Linux 用户和用户组管理
Linux系统是一个多用户多任务的分时操作系统，任何一个要使用系统资源的用户，都必须首先向系统管理员申请一个账号，然后以这个账号的身份进入系统。
用户的账号一方面可以帮助系统管理员对使用系统的用户进行跟踪，并控制他们对系统资源的访问；另一方面也可以帮助用户组织文件，并为用户提供安全性保护。
每个用户账号都拥有一个唯一的用户名和各自的口令。
用户在登录时键入正确的用户名和口令后，就能够进入系统和自己的主目录。
实现用户账号的管理，要完成的工作主要有如下几个方面：
- 用户账号的添加、删除与修改。
- 用户口令的管理。
- 用户组的管理。
一、Linux系统用户账号的管理
用户账号的管理工作主要涉及到用户账号的添加、修改和删除。
添加用户账号就是在系统中创建一个新账号，然后为新账号分配用户号、用户组、主目录和登录Shell等资源。刚添加的账号是被锁定的，无法使用。
1、添加新的用户账号使用useradd命令，其语法如下：
useradd 选项 用户名
参数说明：
-
选项:
- -c comment 指定一段注释性描述。
- -d 目录 指定用户主目录，如果此目录不存在，则同时使用-m选项，可以创建主目录。
- -g 用户组 指定用户所属的用户组。
- -G 用户组，用户组 指定用户所属的附加组。
- -s Shell文件 指定用户的登录Shell。
- -u 用户号 指定用户的用户号，如果同时有-o选项，则可以重复使用其他用户的标识号。
-
用户名:
指定新账号的登录名。
实例1
# useradd –d /home/sam -m sam
此命令创建了一个用户sam，其中-d和-m选项用来为登录名sam产生一个主目录 /home/sam（/home为默认的用户主目录所在的父目录）。
实例2
# useradd -s /bin/sh -g group –G adm,root gem
此命令新建了一个用户gem，该用户的登录Shell是 /bin/sh，它属于group用户组，同时又属于adm和root用户组，其中group用户组是其主组。
这里可能新建组：#groupadd group及groupadd adm
增加用户账号就是在/etc/passwd文件中为新用户增加一条记录，同时更新其他系统文件如/etc/shadow, /etc/group等。
Linux提供了集成的系统管理工具userconf，它可以用来对用户账号进行统一管理。
2、删除帐号
如果一个用户的账号不再使用，可以从系统中删除。删除用户账号就是要将/etc/passwd等系统文件中的该用户记录删除，必要时还删除用户的主目录。
删除一个已有的用户账号使用userdel命令，其格式如下：
userdel 选项 用户名
常用的选项是 -r，它的作用是把用户的主目录一起删除。
例如：
# userdel -r sam
此命令删除用户sam在系统文件中（主要是/etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group等）的记录，同时删除用户的主目录。
3、修改帐号
修改用户账号就是根据实际情况更改用户的有关属性，如用户号、主目录、用户组、登录Shell等。
修改已有用户的信息使用usermod命令，其格式如下：
usermod 选项 用户名
常用的选项包括-c, -d, -m, -g, -G, -s, -u以及-o等，这些选项的意义与useradd命令中的选项一样，可以为用户指定新的资源值。
另外，有些系统可以使用选项：-l 新用户名
这个选项指定一个新的账号，即将原来的用户名改为新的用户名。
例如：
# usermod -s /bin/ksh -d /home/z –g developer sam
此命令将用户sam的登录Shell修改为ksh，主目录改为/home/z，用户组改为developer。
4、用户口令的管理
用户管理的一项重要内容是用户口令的管理。用户账号刚创建时没有口令，但是被系统锁定，无法使用，必须为其指定口令后才可以使用，即使是指定空口令。
指定和修改用户口令的Shell命令是passwd。超级用户可以为自己和其他用户指定口令，普通用户只能用它修改自己的口令。命令的格式为：
passwd 选项 用户名
可使用的选项：
- -l 锁定口令，即禁用账号。
- -u 口令解锁。
- -d 使账号无口令。
- -f 强迫用户下次登录时修改口令。
如果默认用户名，则修改当前用户的口令。
例如，假设当前用户是sam，则下面的命令修改该用户自己的口令：
$ passwd Old password:****** New password:******* Re-enter new password:*******
如果是超级用户，可以用下列形式指定任何用户的口令：
# passwd sam New password:******* Re-enter new password:*******
普通用户修改自己的口令时，passwd命令会先询问原口令，验证后再要求用户输入两遍新口令，如果两次输入的口令一致，则将这个口令指定给用户；而超级用户为用户指定口令时，就不需要知道原口令。
为了系统安全起见，用户应该选择比较复杂的口令，例如最好使用8位长的口令，口令中包含有大写、小写字母和数字，并且应该与姓名、生日等不相同。
为用户指定空口令时，执行下列形式的命令：
# passwd -d sam
此命令将用户 sam 的口令删除，这样用户 sam 下一次登录时，系统就不再允许该用户登录了。
passwd 命令还可以用 -l(lock) 选项锁定某一用户，使其不能登录，例如：
# passwd -l sam
二、Linux系统用户组的管理
每个用户都有一个用户组，系统可以对一个用户组中的所有用户进行集中管理。不同Linux 系统对用户组的规定有所不同，如Linux下的用户属于与它同名的用户组，这个用户组在创建用户时同时创建。
用户组的管理涉及用户组的添加、删除和修改。组的增加、删除和修改实际上就是对/etc/group文件的更新。
1、增加一个新的用户组使用groupadd命令。其格式如下：
groupadd 选项 用户组
可以使用的选项有：
- -g GID 指定新用户组的组标识号（GID）。
- -o 一般与-g选项同时使用，表示新用户组的GID可以与系统已有用户组的GID相同。
实例1：
# groupadd group1
此命令向系统中增加了一个新组group1，新组的组标识号是在当前已有的最大组标识号的基础上加1。
实例2：
# groupadd -g 101 group2
此命令向系统中增加了一个新组group2，同时指定新组的组标识号是101。
2、如果要删除一个已有的用户组，使用groupdel命令，其格式如下：
groupdel 用户组
例如：
# groupdel group1
此命令从系统中删除组group1。
3、修改用户组的属性使用groupmod命令。其语法如下：
groupmod 选项 用户组
常用的选项有：
- -g GID 为用户组指定新的组标识号。
- -o 与-g选项同时使用，用户组的新GID可以与系统已有用户组的GID相同。
- -n新用户组 将用户组的名字改为新名字
实例1：
# groupmod -g 102 group2
此命令将组group2的组标识号修改为102。
实例2：
# groupmod –g 10000 -n group3 group2
此命令将组group2的标识号改为10000，组名修改为group3。
4、如果一个用户同时属于多个用户组，那么用户可以在用户组之间切换，以便具有其他用户组的权限。
用户可以在登录后，使用命令newgrp切换到其他用户组，这个命令的参数就是目的用户组。例如：
$ newgrp root
这条命令将当前用户切换到root用户组，前提条件是root用户组确实是该用户的主组或附加组。类似于用户账号的管理，用户组的管理也可以通过集成的系统管理工具来完成。
三、与用户账号有关的系统文件
完成用户管理的工作有许多种方法，但是每一种方法实际上都是对有关的系统文件进行修改。
与用户和用户组相关的信息都存放在一些系统文件中，这些文件包括/etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group等。
下面分别介绍这些文件的内容。
1、/etc/passwd文件是用户管理工作涉及的最重要的一个文件。
Linux系统中的每个用户都在/etc/passwd文件中有一个对应的记录行，它记录了这个用户的一些基本属性。
这个文件对所有用户都是可读的。它的内容类似下面的例子：
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＃ cat /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:Superuser:/: daemon:x:1:1:System daemons:/etc: bin:x:2:2:Owner of system commands:/bin: sys:x:3:3:Owner of system files:/usr/sys: adm:x:4:4:System accounting:/usr/adm: uucp:x:5:5:UUCP administrator:/usr/lib/uucp: auth:x:7:21:Authentication administrator:/tcb/files/auth: cron:x:9:16:Cron daemon:/usr/spool/cron: listen:x:37:4:Network daemon:/usr/net/nls: lp:x:71:18:Printer administrator:/usr/spool/lp: sam:x:200:50:Sam san:/home/sam:/bin/sh
从上面的例子我们可以看到，/etc/passwd中一行记录对应着一个用户，每行记录又被冒号(:)分隔为7个字段，其格式和具体含义如下：
用户名:口令:用户标识号:组标识号:注释性描述:主目录:登录Shell
1）"用户名"是代表用户账号的字符串。
通常长度不超过8个字符，并且由大小写字母和/或数字组成。登录名中不能有冒号(:)，因为冒号在这里是分隔符。
为了兼容起见，登录名中最好不要包含点字符(.)，并且不使用连字符(-)和加号(+)打头。
2）“口令”一些系统中，存放着加密后的用户口令字。
虽然这个字段存放的只是用户口令的加密串，不是明文，但是由于/etc/passwd文件对所有用户都可读，所以这仍是一个安全隐患。因此，现在许多Linux 系统（如SVR4）都使用了shadow技术，把真正的加密后的用户口令字存放到/etc/shadow文件中，而在/etc/passwd文件的口令字段中只存放一个特殊的字符，例如“x”或者“*”。
3）“用户标识号”是一个整数，系统内部用它来标识用户。
一般情况下它与用户名是一一对应的。如果几个用户名对应的用户标识号是一样的，系统内部将把它们视为同一个用户，但是它们可以有不同的口令、不同的主目录以及不同的登录Shell等。
通常用户标识号的取值范围是0～65 535。0是超级用户root的标识号，1～99由系统保留，作为管理账号，普通用户的标识号从100开始。在Linux系统中，这个界限是500。
4）“组标识号”字段记录的是用户所属的用户组。
它对应着/etc/group文件中的一条记录。
5)“注释性描述”字段记录着用户的一些个人情况。
例如用户的真实姓名、电话、地址等，这个字段并没有什么实际的用途。在不同的Linux 系统中，这个字段的格式并没有统一。在许多Linux系统中，这个字段存放的是一段任意的注释性描述文字，用做finger命令的输出。
6)“主目录”，也就是用户的起始工作目录。
它是用户在登录到系统之后所处的目录。在大多数系统中，各用户的主目录都被组织在同一个特定的目录下，而用户主目录的名称就是该用户的登录名。各用户对自己的主目录有读、写、执行（搜索）权限，其他用户对此目录的访问权限则根据具体情况设置。
